VOLUME 14, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2026

Abstract: Rapid urbanization has greatly increased the need for efficient and hygienic municipal solid waste management systems. Traditional waste collection at the door still depends largely on manual work, fixed schedules, and there is no segregation of waste at the source which leads to operational inefficiencies and environmental problems. This paper discusses the design and development of a GPS, guided autonomous trash collection robot with automatic waste segregation. The proposed system makes use of an Arduino Uno microcontroller as the main control unit, coupled with a GPS module and a digital compass to enable accurate navigation outdoors. The robot receives user, defined pickup locations through a Bluetooth, enabled mobile application. Once the robot arrives at the location, it notifies the user and collects the waste which is automatically divided into wet and dry categories by a moisture, based sensing system. Waste segregation is further facilitated by a servo, actuated unit that directs the different wastes into the appropriate compartments. Testing the prototype confirms the excellent navigation of the robot, accurate waste separation, and no, fuss collecting of the garbage by the drone. The proposed system provides an economically viable and scalable alternative to conventional methods of waste management and is very likely to be adopted by both residential and institutional environments.

Keywords: Autonomous robot, Waste management, GPS navigation, Automatic waste segregation, Arduino Uno, Smart cities, Mobile robotics.

Abstract: The current energy meter reading system relies on human labor, which has drawbacks such as computation errors, customer absences during billing, and additional costs associated with the billing procedure. The proposed system overcomes these limitations by implementing an automatic wireless energy monitoring and tariff calculation system. The system uses a digital energy meter, PIC16F72 microcontroller, ZigBee wireless communication modules, LCD display, optocoupler, relay circuit, and regulated power supply. The energy meter generates pulses proportional to electrical energy consumption. These pulses are detected using an IR sensor and processed by the microcontroller to calculate consumed energy units. The measured data is transmitted wirelessly to the Electricity Board (EB) section through ZigBee communication. At the EB section, automatic tariff calculation is performed based on predefined electricity rates. The billing information is transmitted back to the consumer side and displayed on the LCD screen. The system also includes an automatic load disconnection feature using a relay in case the electricity bill is not paid within the due date. The proposed system provides accurate billing, reduced manpower, real-time monitoring, improved efficiency, and secure wireless communication. The project can be effectively used in smart homes, industries, and modern automated energy management systems.

Keywords: ZigBee, Energy Meter, Wireless Communication, Automatic Billing, PIC16F72, Smart Metering, Tariff Calculation.

Abstract: Adaptive Terahertz (THz) beam steering is a promising and energy efficient technology which has the potential to enhance signal strength, link reliability and signal rate in deep space communication systems where conventional fixed-beam THz links experience severe path loss, atmospheric attenuation and degradation of the pointing error. Under deep space long-distance propagation conditions and a stable high-gain communication link, the problem of maintaining a stable high-gain communication link becomes one of the most critical issues. Conventional fixed-beam THz systems, based on fixed radiation patterns and mechanical steering, have limited pointing error rejection and high misalignment sensitivity, and are infeasible with spacecraft vibration and relative motion. This piece of work proposes a low-complexity adaptive beam steering scheme of the THz deep space communication links where closed-loop beamforming algorithm dynamically adapts the phased array radiation pattern [13], [15] in response to received signal strength feedback with no full channel state information required. The steering issue is formulated as an optimization of beamforming weights in real-time and is solved with the assistance of an adaptive algorithm which is scalable in nature and is less burdensome in terms of processing. To model more realistic deep space conditions, the system model is further developed to include distance-varying SNR degradation and dynamics of the pointing error. The characteristics of the channel capacity [1], [5] and the bit error rate of the adaptive THz beam steering is analyzed as the distance and pointing offset increase and displays the resilience of adaptive THz beam steering against non- adaptive fixed-beam systems. The simulation results, obtained by a full implementation in MATLAB, confirm the proposed strategy leads to the reduction of the sensitivity to pointing errors by a significant margin, high integrity of link maintenance, and spectral efficiency at the deep space propagation conditions. The presented framework offers a viable and scalable next generation deep space communication system solution to future lunar, Mars and interplanetary missions. The simulation results in MATLAB confirm that adaptive THz beam steering is always better than conventional fixed-beam steering in all the measures considered, such as cumulative distribution of channel capacity [1], [5], signal-to-noise ratio over long distance and the ability to tolerate normalized pointing errors. This work provides a solid base on which it is possible to implement intelligent and self-aligning THz communication terminals onboard deep space probes, eliminating the need to rely on bulky mechanical gimbals and allowing autonomous maintenance of links without necessarily ground-based intervention. The further development of this framework can include predictive beam steering with orbital dynamics and channel prediction made by machine learning to achieve even greater efficiency in deep space communication networks.

Keywords: Terahertz communication, deep space, beam steering, adaptive beamforming, phased array, MATLAB simulation, high-data-rate links.