Smart and Innovative Technologies in Engineering and Sciences

Abstract: Indian Railway is one of the biggest consumer of electricity; it has a largest network of electrification in India. Each Traction Sub-Station(TSS) is located at a distance of 40 to 60 K.M. from other T.S.S, each T.S.S. has its own feeding zone and separate metering. Various tariff structures are followed in the market by different types of electricity consumer, but Railway follows the two part structure. In this structure, the total billing charges are split into two charges i.e; constant charges and variable charges. During Parallel operation of two adjacent Traction Substations (TSS) the Maximum Demand (MD) recorded in TSS having larger Train load is less and Maximum Demand recorded in TSS having light Train load is somewhat high as compared to De-parallel operation. This Suppression of Maximum Demand effect the total electricity bill of that particular TSS. Keywords: Traction Substations (TSS), Neutral Section (NS), Maximum Demand (MD), two part tariff.

Abstract: Transformers are normally designed and built for use at rated frequency and perfect sinusoidal load current. A non-linear load on a transformer leads to harmonic power losses which cause to increased operational costs and additional heating in power system components. It leads to higher losses, early fatigue of insulation, premature failure and reduction of the useful life of the transformer. To prevent these problems, the rated capacity of transformer which supplies harmonic loads must be reduced. In this work a typical 100 KVA three phase distribution transformer with real practical parameters is performed under non-sinusoidal loads generated due to domestic loads. The equivalent losses and capacity of the distribution transformer is evaluated using the conventional method. Keywords: Transformer losses; Harmonic loads; Derating.

Abstract: The thirst for new sources of energy is unquenchable, but we seldom realize that we are wasting a part of the electrical energy everyday due to the lagging power factor in the inductive loads we use. Hence, there is an urgent need to avoid this wastage of energy. Before getting into the details of Power Factor Correction, let us just brush our knowledge about the term ?power factor?. In simple words, power factor basically states how far the energy provided has been utilized. The maximum value of power factor is unity. So the closer the value of power factor to unity, better is the utility of energy or lesser is the wastage. In electrical terms, power factor is basically defined as the ratio of active power to reactive power or it is the phase difference between voltage and current. Active power performs useful work while reactive power does no useful work but is used for developing the magnetic field required by the device. Most of the devices we use have power factor less than unity. Hence, there is a requirement to bring this power factor close to unity. Here we are presenting a prototype for automatic power factor correction using the 8-bit AVR microcontroller "Atmega328" as Arduino Uno. Power factor correction using capacitor banks reduces reactive power consumption which will lead to minimization of losses and at the same time increases the electrical system's efficiency. Power saving issues and reactive power management has brought about the development of single phase capacitor banks for domestic applications. The development of this project is to enhance and upgrade the operation of single phase capacitor banks by developing a micro-processor based control system. The control unit will be able to control the individual capacitors in the capacitor bank and will operate in steps based on the variation in power factor. Current transformer and a Voltage transformer are used for sampling of the circuit current and voltage, so as to determine the power factor. The intelligent control using this micro-processor control system ensures even utilization of capacitor steps, minimizes number of switching operations and optimizes power factor correction. Keywords: Power factor, Capacitor banks, Compensation, Microcontroller (Arduino uno).

Abstract: Devices produced for security sensitive fields like military, banking or government applications often make use of integrated circuits. In these areas reliability and trust are of special importance and thus an in-depth evaluation of manufactured devices with respect to security vulnerabilities is an essential task. Most of these institutions have departments that can take care of the chip-design but they rely on third party companies to actually produce the semiconductor chips in their factories. This is a very common scenario these days, where a trend towards separation of chip-design and fabrication is clearly observable. This is due to the high costs to build and maintain state- of-the-art semiconductor factories, which only pays off when the factories are used to capacity. With outsourced chip fabrication, are security sensitive chip designs still trustworthy? Every employee of the manufacturing chain from design to package assembly might maliciously modify the hardware! Therefore there is an urgent need to employ detection techniques for so called "Trojan hardware". Keywords: Hardware Trojan; partial reconfiguration; hardware security; Trojan triggering.

Abstract: A Healthy power system plays very important role in transmission line, but due to non linear load it can't possible. A Power quality problem is an occurrence express as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipments. There are many facts devices are used to improve power quality, such as SVS, STATCOM, TCSC, and SSSC and so on. But commonly we can use STATCOM for reduction of power quality problems, because STATCOM is used for low voltage also. Shunt connected STATCOM mainly used for enhancement voltage stability. This paper present review about overview of Power Quality problems and corrective methods. Keywords: Power quality, STATCOM, Voltage sag, and Voltage swell.

Abstract: In today world, load forecasting is very important for the power system operation. The meaning of Load forecasting is to predicting the future load with the help of historical load data available. For the Power system management scheduling and dispatching operations load forecasting plays an important role and it also concerns the prediction of energy demand in different time spans. Keywords: Load forecasting, random disturbances, different techniques, Weather factors.

Abstract: Voltage stability of Power system has become an issue for both power system planning and operation, because of a number of major black outs that have been experience in many countries by voltage stability problems [1, 2]. This has been mainly due to power systems operated closer to their stability limits [1]. To determine voltage stability many studies have been carry out. In this study L-Index is use to calculate voltage stability of power system. References [3, 4] present comparative studies and analysis of six different voltage stability indices, while [5]. Introduce the voltage stability L-index to be a simple but effective means of measuring the distance of a power system to its stability limit. Estimation of voltage stability by L-index in this study applied for monitoring voltage stability in a power system. Keywords: Power system voltage stability, load flow, voltage stability line-index.

Abstract: This paper present the five level three phase cascaded inverter. This paper focuses on improving the efficiency of the multilevel inverter and quality of output voltage waveform. The modified PWM technique is also developed to reduce harmonics. Five level reduced switches topology has been implemented with only 24 switches. Fundamental Switching scheme and Selective Harmonics Elimination were implemented to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) value and switching losses. The simulation diagrams of multilevel inverter are carried out in MATLAB (R2013A) / Simulink environment to evaluate the performance of the system. Keywords: Multilevel Inverter, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation, Total Harmonics Distortion.

Abstract: As the power demand has been increasing rapidly, power generation and transmission are being affected due to limited resources, environmental restrictions and other losses. Transient stability control plays a vital role in maintaining the steady state operation of power system in the event of huge disturbance, faults and any extinction of power generation. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers were mainly used for solving various power system control problems. This paper presents the study of various FACTS devices and their effects on power system for stability enhancement. Keywords: FACTS, SSSC, SVC, TCSC, UPFC, IPFC, DPFC, power flow.

Abstract: In this research paper we examine the image and the respective information will be processing based toll collection system and how to make more efficient and perfect. On any toll both the vehicle has to stop for paying the toll. We are trying to develop a system that would pay the toll automatically and reduce the queue at the toll booth. In this system camera is used for capturing the image of the vehicle number plate. The captured image would be converted into the text using ANPR and the toll would be cut from the customer's account and then open the gate. Moreover in our system if a vehicle is stolen and an entry is being made in the central database by the police then if the vehicle passes through the toll both then silent alarm would buzz which would indicate the operator at the toll booth that the vehicle is a stolen vehicle. For the identification of the vehicles, the information of the vehicles is already stored on the central database. So captured number will be sent to the server received at the toll. Keywords: OCR, ANPR, IPTB, One Time Password, Notification.

Abstract: This paper introduces the advancement in the solar panel technology. It presents about the usage of the carbon nanotubes or graphite instead of silicon in solar panels. These carbon nanotubes are used for photo conversion and a counter electrode construction, which are placed in liquid electrolyte through a (reduction and oxidation) redox reaction. The silicon semiconductors in a solar cell are geared toward taking infrared light and converting it directly to electricity. Meanwhile, the visible spectrum is lost as heat and longer wavelengths pass through unexploited. A new nano-material being developed by a group of researchers spread across the country could act as a "thermal emitter," making solar power significantly more efficient by scooping up more of that wasted energy. The infrared part of light is relatively easy for conventional high-efficiency solar cells to convert to electricity, and the thermal emitter approach works within that framework. A thermal emitter isn't a parallel system for deriving electricity directly from the sun's rays. Instead, this is an application or so called thermo photovoltaic principals. Researchers have estimated a theoretical 80% efficiency rating - much higher than the mid-30s where most silicon-based solar panels are stuck. Keywords: panels, carbon nanotubes, thermal emitter, photovoltaic principals.