Abstract: Electric Vehicles (EVs) are likely to be among the primary drivers of the energy transition of global transportation because of their wide-scale expansion. Large-scale EVs integration into the power grid will bring numerous challenges for the power grid operation, planning, stability, standards, and safety. Thus, the mass production of EVs puts research and development of charging systems and EV supply equipment (EVSE) into practice to realize anticipated charging solutions for EV batteries and to enhance ancillary services. Study of the status of EV charging technologies is essential to promote EV adoption with sophisticated control strategies to find a remedial solution for adverse effects and to increase desired charging efficiency and grid support. This paper provides a thorough overview of EV charging technologies, global standards, EV charging station architecture, and EV charging system power converter configurations. The charging systems need a specific converter topology, a control strategy, standard compatibility, and grid code for charging and discharging for optimal operation and grid support improvement. Different charging systems with regards to onboard and off-board chargers, AC-DC and DC-DC converter architecture, and AC and DC-based station architectures are reviewed. Also presented are newer charging systems which integrate renewable energy as a way to identify the power train of charging stations of this era. Lastly, future challenges and trends in EV charging and grid integration problems are concluded as the future of the research.
Keywords: Electric Vehicles (EVs), EV Charging Technologies, Power Grid Integration, Charging Infrastructure, EV Supply Equipment (EVSE), Charging Efficiency, AC-DC Converters, DC-DC Converters, Renewable Energy Integration, Charging Station Architecture, Smart Charging Strategies.
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