Abstract: The rapid growth of electric vehicles has increased the demand for efficient and sustainable charging infrastructure across the world. In recent years, solar photovoltaic powered charging stations have emerged as an effective solution to reduce grid dependency and carbon emissions associated with conventional transportation systems. Most developed countries primarily focus on advanced charging infrastructure for passenger electric vehicles with high battery capacity and fast charging capability. The increasing adoption of electric mobility has encouraged the development of renewable energy integrated charging stations across various regions. This paper presents a detailed literature survey on electric vehicle charging infrastructure, battery specifications, charging standards, renewable energy integration, and region wise charging practices followed in Europe, Japan, China, Turkey, and India. The study also compares charging levels, battery voltage ranges, connector standards, charging power ratings, and charging duration for both two-wheeler and four-wheeler electric vehicles. Various published research works related to photovoltaic integrated charging stations, smart charging systems, and battery energy storage technologies are reviewed and analyzed. From the survey, it is identified that electric two wheelers require economical, low voltage, and decentralized charging infrastructure suitable for urban and semi urban regions. This review helps researchers understand the present development of renewable energy based charging infrastructure and highlights future directions for sustainable electric mobility and smart charging applications.

Keywords: Electric Vehicle, Solar Photovoltaic, Charging Infrastructure, Electric Two-Wheeler, AC Charging, Renewable Energy, Battery Energy Storage.

Downloads: | DOI: 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2026.14536