Design and Performance Analysis of Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System with PSO-Based PI Controller Optimization

Abstract: The combined application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SCs) in hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) allows for overcoming the power density and specific energy shortcomings of each standalone storage technology for electric vehicles (EV). The paper presents a comprehensive review, modelling analysis, and assessment of LIB-SC HESS for EVs with particular attention paid to the design of system components, topological structures, control strategies, and multi-criteria storage options. The survey provides an in-depth analysis of the passive, semi-active, and active HESS configurations along with the corresponding bidirectional DC-DC converter circuits. Particular emphasis is placed on power-energy management system (PEMS) design options, which allow for improving the battery inverter performance under highly dynamic and transient EV driving conditions. In the paper, advanced PEMS solutions based on rule-based, optimization-, and machine learning-assisted control circuits are analysed in detail. The simulation and experimental results highlight the enhanced regenerative braking capability, improved battery state-of-health, and overall vehicle performance offered by the LIB-SC HESS. The key challenges and trends in component hybridization, drive cycle parameterization, converter losses, computational complexity, and control strategy optimization are also discussed. The present work provides a basis for further research into the design and development of advanced hybrid energy storage systems for EVs.

Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicle, lithium-ion battery, supercapacitor, bidirectional DC/DC converter, Hybrid energy storage system.