Design and Development of a DIY Line Follower Robot Using Embedded Systems

Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of a D.I.Y line follower robot based on embedded systems and real-time control principles. The proposed system is capable of autonomously navigating a predefined path by utilizing infrared (IR) sensors to detect variations in surface reflectivity between a black line and a white background. The robot is built using an Arduino UNO microcontroller, which acts as the central processing unit, along with an L298N motor driver module and DC motors to achieve controlled movement. The system operates on a closed- loop feedback mechanism, where continuous sensor input is processed to dynamically adjust the robot’s trajectory, ensuring accurate path tracking and minimal deviation. The design emphasizes simplicity, low cost, and ease of implementation while maintaining reliable performance. Experimental evaluation of the system demonstrates stable operation, quick response to directional changes, and effective navigation under controlled environmental conditions. However, factors such as ambient lighting, sensor calibration, and surface irregularities influence the overall performance. The developed robot serves as a foundational model for autonomous guided vehicles and can be further enhanced by integrating advanced control algorithms such as PID control, obstacle detection systems, and wireless communication technologies. This work highlights the practical application of embedded systems in robotics and provides a saleable approach for future automation solutions.

Keywords: Line Follower Robot, Embedded Systems, Arduino UNO, Infrared Sensors (IR Sensors), Autonomous Navigation, Closed-Loop Control System, Motor Driver (L298N), Real-Time Processing, Robotics, Automation