Adaptive PID Control Algorithm for Intelligent Temperature Regulation in IoT Systems

Abstract: Precision and stability have a direct impact on productivity, safety, and product quality in industrial automation, HVAC systems, food preservation, and environmental monitoring. Despite being widely used because of their ease of use and efficiency, conventional PID controllers have limitations in dynamic contexts due to their fixed parameters and lack of flexibility. These flaws frequently lead to overshoot, sluggish reaction times, higher energy usage, and the requirement for regular manual retuning. The design, simulation, and assessment of an adaptive PID algorithm incorporated into an Internet of Things-enabled temperature control framework are presented in this research. The suggested system makes use of ESP32 microcontroller implementation for real-time control and Python-based modeling for algorithm creation, guaranteeing smooth interface with IoT protocols for data logging and remote monitoring. The adaptive PID algorithm improves system responsiveness and stability by dynamically modifying control gains in response to disturbances and changes in the environment. Response time, overshoot reduction, steady-state accuracy, and energy economy are all significantly improved as compared to traditional PID controllers. By providing predictive maintenance and remote accessibility via lightweight communication protocols like MQTT, IoT integration further improves scalability. The results demonstrate how adaptive PID systems can improve user comfort, sustainability, and dependability in contemporary IoT-based automation. This study adds to the expanding corpus of information on intelligent control systems and lays the groundwork for future research in large-scale industrial deployment and machine learning-driven predictive control.

Keywords: Adaptive PID Controller, IoT-enabled Temperature Control, ESP32 Microcontroller, Python Simulation, Real-time Monitoring, Energy Efficiency, Overshoot Reduction, Steady-State Accuracy, Smart Control Systems, Industrial Automation.