A Review of Modern Antenna Design Approaches for 5G, 6G, IoT, and Satellite Applications

Abstract: Modern antenna design has advanced with the integration of machine learning, innovative materials, and new fabrication techniques. This paper reviews various antenna design approaches for next-generation systems such as 5G, 6G, IoT, and satellite communication. It covers structures like patch, fractal, flexible, and array antennas, along with machine learning-based optimization methods. The study highlights improvements in performance parameters such as gain, bandwidth, and efficiency, while reducing design complexity. Overall, this review provides insights into current developments and future directions in antenna design.

Keywords: Antenna Design, Machine Learning, 5G, 6G, IoT, Satellite Communication, Fractal Antenna.