Abstract: Population ageing in India is accelerating rapidly due to demographic transition characterized by declining fertility and increasing life expectancy. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesize evidence on age-related problems among the elderly population (≥60 years) in India, with a specific focus on rural–urban disparities. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2000 and 2022. A total of 52 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a combined sample size of approximately 102,500 elderly individuals.

The pooled prevalence of chronic diseases was 64%, with hypertension (49%) and diabetes (34%) being the most common conditions. Mental health issues were substantial, with depression affecting 36% and anxiety disorders affecting 29% of the elderly. Economic dependency was reported in 68% of cases, significantly higher in rural areas (74%) compared to urban areas (59%). Social isolation was more prevalent in urban settings (32%) than rural areas (24%), reflecting the impact of nuclear family structures.

Rural–urban disparities were evident across multiple domains, including healthcare access, financial security, and social support systems. Rural elderly populations faced greater economic hardship and limited healthcare infrastructure, whereas urban elderly experienced higher levels of psychological distress and social isolation.

The findings highlight the multidimensional challenges associated with ageing in India and underscore the need for targeted policy interventions addressing rural–urban inequalities. Strengthening geriatric healthcare, expanding social security, and promoting community-based support systems are essential to ensure healthy ageing and improved quality of life for older adults in India.

Keywords: Ageing, Elderly, India, Rural-Urban Disparities, Chronic Diseases, Mental Health, Meta-analysis

Downloads: | DOI: 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2024.121215