Abstract: The rapid urbanization of modern cities has exacerbated the challenges of efficient waste management, leading to environmental and public health concerns. The Internet of Things (IoT) presents a transformative opportunity to create smart, data-driven waste management systems. However, the deployment of such systems is hindered by significant challenges, including device interoperability, data security, and the need for real-time processing. This paper synthesizes a comprehensive framework for an IoT-based smart waste management system by integrating principles of interoperability, real-time data processing, and decentralized security, drawing upon established research in adjacent smart city domains. We propose a multi-layered architecture that leverages an interoperable IoT platform for device integration, a Kappa architecture for real-time and batch analytics, and Blockchain technology for ensuring data integrity and trust. The resulting framework offers a blueprint for developing scalable, secure, and efficient waste management solutions that are essential for the sustainable development of smart cities.

Keywords: Smart Cities, Internet of Things (IoT), Waste Management, Cybersecurity, Interoperability, Blockchain, Kappa Architecture.

Downloads: | DOI: 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2025.131110